Hydrocephalus Awareness Month Post 5: It IS Brain Surgery

What happens when a shunt is placed?

Shunt placement surgery IS brain surgery. It is among the most common surgery that neurosurgeons perform - upwards of 40,000 surgeries annually. As I've talked about multiple times on this blog, Nicholas was 2 days old when he had his surgery. Because of his age when the surgery happened it was actually an easier surgery (the only time in his life he's had an easier road!). Typically the neurosurgeon has to drill through the patient's skull in order to place the shunt. Since Nicholas was so young, the neurosurgeon was able to go in through his soft spot and place it. As a result, his recovery was easier and the surgery was shorter than typical. 

Shunt placement surgery is typically around 90 minutes and is performed under general anesthesia. Because the surgery team has to go inside the head, the area where they will be placing the shunt is shaved.

A tiny incision is made in the head (older patients get a hole drilled into their skull at this point also), and a catheter is threaded into the brain. The other end of the catheter is then snaked under the skin around the ear, down the neck, and into the area that it's being placed in (most commonly the abdominal cavity). An incision is also made in the abdomen to guide the catheter to the right place (such as not behind the bowels or taking up space the stomach needs). The neurosurgeon then attaches the pump or valve to the catheter to tell the shunt when to drain the CSF from the ventricles. We were warned that a third incision may be needed behind the ear to help guide the catheter around that curve but Nicholas's surgery team ended up being able to guide it without another incision. 

Once the surgery is done, the patient remains in the hospital for recovery. Children are usually required to lay flat for 24 hours after the surgery. Older children and adults may be ready for discharge as early as the day after surgery if there are no complications. Nicholas's neurosurgeon felt comfortable with him being cleared from a neurosurgery standpoint 7 days after his surgery. His extended NICU stint was a result of his feeding issues, not his brain surgery ironically. 

Because the shunt is a mechanical object it is not only common for it to fail, it is pretty much expected to. We were warned of symptoms of shunt failure because leaving a shunt failure untreated can lead to brain damage and even death. Shunts fail more frequently in infants and children than adults. The current average lifespan for an infant's shunt is two years. Older children and adults have a current average lifespan of 8 years. That's a new brain surgery called a revision. Every time a shunt fails.

Hydrocephalus Awareness Month Post 4: What does a shunt feel like?

The other day I read a post in one of my hydrocephalus Facebook groups that made me sad and also made me wonder. It was posted, "Does anyone wonder what it's like to not have a device in your head and tubing running down your neck and into your abdomen?" It made me sad because it makes me wonder if Nicholas will feel that way one day (maybe a cure will come in his lifetime!), but it also made me wonder what it actually feels like to have a shunt.

Obviously I can't ask Nicholas yet what it feels like to live with a shunt on a daily basis so I turned to the hydrocephalus community to ask them what it's like to have a shunt. I have a small community of people I know in real life with shunts but am a member of several hydrocephalus groups on Facebook and on Babycenter and they provided me with some insight.

The first thing I was told was that the side effects of having a shunt were far preferable to living with the pressure in your head from having untreated hydrocephalus. That having excess CSF was painful, caused nausea and also made you dizzy. That you experienced things like double vision and just overall felt terrible. Obviously left untreated, hydrocephalus can also lead to brain damage and death, so having a shunt is preferable to that.

Also, I heard very different things from people I asked. Some experienced nothing out of the ordinary that they were aware of and some experienced all of these things - so like hydrocephalus itself, having a shunt feels different for each individual person who has one.

The main things I heard were being able to "hear" the shunt. When a shunt turns on, most people say that they are aware. They can hear it buzzing, clicking, popping, or gurgling inside their heads. This depends on the placement of the shunt (the closer it is to the ear canal the easier it is to hear) and it appears to also depend on the type of shunt (programmable, non-programmable, maker, etc.). Shunts are not always on, they turn on when the pressure in the head indicates they should be. The newer
programmable shunts detect the level of pressure in the head and turn on when the pressure exceeds what the shunt has been programmed to maintain. Older, non-programmable shunts, were on levels of high, medium, or low pressure and would detect when the brain reached the threshold that each shunt was set for. The bad news with non-programmable shunts is that if the shunt is over or under draining, the shunt must be replaced with surgery. Nicholas has a programmable shunt which means if we determine (and we have, several times) that his shunt is under draining, it's an office visit and a strong magnet is used to reset the shunt to a better level.

Another complaint is that when the shunt is draining, if the tubing is placed close enough to the ear, it can mess with a person's equilibrium. Because there is fluid running through a tube near the eustachian tube it can make people feel dizzy. This doesn't appear to be a common side effect, but has been mentioned in the community.

Most neurosurgeons leave a large amount of tubing curled up in the abdomen when treating children (Nicholas's did for this exact reason) so that as the child grows, the tubing can stretch and revisions (more brain surgery) are not necessary as long as the shunt continues to function properly. I have been told that as the child grows, it is typical to feel some tightening or tugging as the shunt tubing breaks loose of adhesions under the skin that were formerly created and lengthen under the skin. I imagine that must be fairly uncomfortable.

Weather is a big one. Most surgeons will tell you that weather has very little to do with the pressure inside the head, but almost every single person I've talked to who has hydrocephalus and is treated with a shunt has said that when the weather changes, they get headaches. It's apparently a big debate within the hydrocephalus community. We have seen it first hand with Nicholas. If a big storm is rolling in, he becomes very uncomfortable and cries. If we give him Tylenol, it seems to relieve and relax him. I've been told by my co-worker with hydro that if it's very hot, she gets headaches. She has found that wearing hats helps to reduce the headaches.


Abdominal discomfort is another common complaint. It seems that the CSF draining into the abdominal cavity creates acid reflux in a significant number of hydrocephalus patients.

While not every person who has a shunt experiences all of these, these complaints come up time and again. And again, every person I talked to said that this is clearly preferable to living with hydrocephalus untreated and obviously better than facing death so they take their side effects with a grain of salt, some ibuprofen, and maybe some Tums.

Hydrocephalus Awareness Month Post 2: What is a shunt? Is it really brain surgery?

Once we've explained what hydrocephalus is (and we are more than happy to do so - we like getting the knowledge and awareness out there!), the next question is, if they can't do surgery to remove the blockage, what is the treatment?

There are three different treatments for hydrocephalus, a shunt, an endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV), and an endoscopic third ventriculostomy with choroid plexus cauterization (ETV/CPC). ETV/CPC is only available to infants. The decision to treat the hydrocephalus with any of these methods is determined on a case by case basis, and also within a timeline of a patient's life. It is perfectly acceptable to be treated with one method and later in life attempt the other.  

The ETV requires no shunting so some people prefer this method as there is less likelihood of mechanical failure, but if this method fails a shunt is required. The success rate depends on a lot of

individual factors including age of the patient, cause of hydrocephalus, and amount of scar tissue in the third ventricle. It is not recommended typically for infants because their bodies are so dynamic and quickly changing that it frequently fails. Basically, a neurosurgeon goes into the brain and makes a puncture in the floor of the third ventricle so that CSF is allowed to flow through. It effectively bypasses the blockage if there is one. The third treatment option is very similar to this except it includes cauterizing the choroid plexus which reduces the amount of CSF being generated. There are complications to this method including closure and/or infection of the surgically created pathway, short term memory loss as this procedure may affect the hypothalamus, and potentially endocrinologic irregularities since the third ventricle is responsible for some hormonal function. For individuals that this works for, however, the success rate can be up to 90%.

The shunt method involves a surgical implantation of a shunt. A shunt is a tube that diverts CSF into another region of the body, most typically the abdominal cavity, where it is absorbed and removed. A valve inside the shunt helps maintain normal pressures within the ventricles. The shunt that drains into the abdominal cavity is called a VP shunt (ventriculoperitoneal). The other type of shunt is a VA (ventriculoatrial) shunt which drains into the right atrium of the heart. This is not a preferred placement and is only tried after there have been several malfunctions of a VP shunt. There are

several complications with a shunt system, the most frequent being shunt malfunction. Shunt malfunction is most often caused by a blockage that stops the shunt from being able to function properly. Blood cells, tissue, or bacteria can all create a blockage. Shunts can also malfunction because it is a mechanical device or because it becomes dislodged from its original placement. Shunts can become infected, though this typically occurs within 6 months of the placement. In any of these instances, the patient must have another brain surgery to get a new shunt placed. This is called a shunt revision.

Other shunt complications include under or over draining. This can usually be treated by changing the pressure on the shunt. Abdominal and/or heart complications can also occur depending on where the shunt drains into. Obviously abdominal complications are less severe than heart complications.

Nicholas had a shunt placed on the second day of his life. His neurosurgeon prefers to shunt children

and considering he has the highest success rate of hydrocephalus treatment in the southeast, we trusted his judgement. His goal is to place a shunt once in a child's life and have it last until the child is at least 18. He is successful in that goal in 40% of his patients. Nicholas's surgery was fairly uncomplicated and quick. The neurosurgeon told us that it's easier in babies in that they have a soft spot to go in through, whereas in adults he has to drill through the skull. Nicholas has a scar on his head where the shunt was placed and then also a scar in his belly where the end of the shunt was placed. Most people think that his shunt drains into his stomach, but it doesn't. It drains into the area around his stomach and is absorbed and removed by his intestines. Nicholas has not yet (knocking on wood) had a shunt malfunction but he has had some abdominal complications that involved a hospital stay and several x-rays and ultrasounds. He has had the pressure reset multiple times on his shunt as his neurosurgeon tried to drain the massive amount of fluid he was born with and then to normalize the pressure in his head to remove the optimal amount of CSF.

It is not uncommon for patients to have multiple surgeries with hydrocephalus. There are people who have had hundreds of surgeries and then there are some who have lived with the same shunt for decades. There is no rhyme or reason to why shunts fail multiple times in some people and work like a dream for others. We hope that Nicholas is in the latter group, but the honest answer is we just don't know. We are asked frequently if he is done having surgery and we just don't know. We hope so, but the likelihood is that he will have brain surgery again at some point in his life. Maybe more than once.

Cranial Band Therapy: The Beginning

We always knew cranial band therapy (or helmet therapy) was a possibility for Nicholas. Because he was born with such a large head it was incredibly difficult for him to move it and so he spent a vast majority of the first several months of his life on his back with his head in the same spot. This created a pretty significant flat spot on the back of his head. Beyond that, because he had so much fluid inside his head and it's less dense than brain matter, his skull bones that are not fused yet were able to be moved around more easily based on where his fluid was. Once the brain matter started to push in and take over the areas the ventricles had previously occupied when the shunt started to significantly drain the fluid, the fluid that remained had to go somewhere and began to push out of the back soft spot. This created a point at the top of the back of his head. The shunt was turned down (which actually increases the amount of fluid it drains) and most of that fluid has been successfully drained out of his head. The point, however, remains because the bones have been pushed into that position.

It was a fight to even get the cranial band on Nicholas's head. We started with a fight with the PA at the neurosurgeon's office, then a fight with the insurance. We pushed on both fronts and won. The cranial band therapy started with getting a mold of Nicholas's head so that the band would be perfectly fitted to his head. He wasn't terribly appreciative of this process but it was a necessary part. The mold was then left to sit for 24 hours to dry and then sent to Arizona where the actual band would be made. We were told it would be ready for fitting in 2 weeks. We ended up not being able to get the fitting completed until three weeks after the mold due to our travel.

Nicholas was brought into the orthotics/prosthetics office and the band was placed on his head to insure it fit. What surprised us was that the band was not fitted perfectly tight against his head. It's loose and sometimes moves around. This makes sense because we're trying to change the shape of his head so his head needs some space to grow into. The first week there was no padding added, the fit was just checked and we were given a schedule to ease him into wearing the band full time. The first day he wore it for an hour and had it off for an hour. Second day, on for two hours, off for one hour. So on and so forth until he was wearing the band 23 hours a day by day seven. Yes, he even sleeps in the band. He gets an hour off to take a bath and for us to check for pressure sores. Poor dude is so sweaty when we take the band off. And stinky. We have to check his entire head for red spots and monitor them during the hour he has the band off. If the spots don't fade within the hour the band is off, we are to not put it back on and to contact the office the next morning for re-fitting. We don't want him to get any pressure sores from something that's supposed to be helping him!

The second appointment was a week after the fitting. The specialist looks at Nicholas's head and determines where the growth should be limited and where we want the growth to happen more. He does this by placing pads in specific places inside the band. This basically stops the head from growing more in the area where the pads are and promotes growth into the open spaces in the band. By doing this, we are hopefully encouraging growth from the flat spot in the back of his head that will help round out the head. Nicholas continues to go back and pads will continue to be placed.

True to his character, Nicholas has accepted the band with little fuss. He was uncomfortable on the first day but now that he's wearing it 23 hours a day, it's just another part of him that is helping him - much like his Mic-key button for feeding. He remains a happy baby who loves laughing at his big brother, chatters whenever he's awake, and smiles at anyone he meets.

Here We Go Again

When Nicholas had his hospital stay a month ago, we had been asked if we had ever noticed his pupil sizes were different. We really hadn't, and at the time figured that, with as many medical professionals as he had involved in his care, someone would have noticed that before a hospital stay. It was eventually decided that it was likely a side effect of the pressure changes from the big change in the shunt and that it should resolve itself.

Saturday morning, I was rocking Nicholas back and forth in my arms because he had been very fussy the whole morning and he was staring up at the ceiling. I noticed that he was tracking something on the ceiling with his eyes but that when I moved him to a certain spot, his eyes would sort of jerk back to the center. It was a very rough movement and I was a little concerned and decided to watch it. We ended up going to lunch and Mike noticed while we were there that his pupils were still different sizes (they've not been the same size that we've noticed since the last hospital stay) but that the sizes were very pronounced. One was very small and the other was very large. We googled (you should really never do that!) and found that one of the main symptoms of a brain bleed is different sized pupils. That combined with the fussiness got us a little worried.

We called the on-call pediatrician who asked us to call the on-call neurosurgeon (NSG). The NSG who had placed Nicholas's shunt actually ended up being the on-call this weekend in a stroke of luck. He told us that if our guts were saying to get him checked out, he agreed with us and suggested we head to the emergency department.

We got to the ED and the doctor came into our room almost immediately to check his eyes. She stated that one of his eyes was reacting sluggishly and was slow to constrict under light. She asked if he would need sedation for a CT, we confirmed he did not, and the nurse whisked him and Mike off to Radiology. About an hour and a half after he returned, the new doctor (somehow we always show up during shift change!) told us that while they hadn't seen anything worrisome, they wanted to admit him overnight for observation. They brought us upstairs to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). We asked why he was being admitted to intensive care and were told that because things can go from fine to terrible in a very short time due to his medical complexities, they wanted him under the care of a higher level unit just in case. Made sense to us.

Early Sunday morning, the NSG came in to see Nicholas before I got there (Mike was there having spent the night and getting almost no sleep). He confirmed that the shunt was working perfectly as far as he could tell but that he was wondering if Nicholas was having some seizure activity. We had been warned even before Nicholas was born that people with hydrocephalus are at higher risk for seizures and so we were not surprised by this. Worried, of course, but not surprised. The NSG suggested to the floor PICU doctor that they consult in a neurologist and order an EEG to see what was happening.

The neurologist ordered a standard EEG. I had never seen an EEG before, but it was a little unnerving to watch. First, they measure his head to determine where to place the leads. Then many leads are "glued" to his head and once those are all placed, gauze is wrapped around the leads to make sure that nothing moves. The first part of the EEG involves placing a strobe light very close to his face and strobing at varying speeds. Essentially, they are trying to force a seizure to happen so they can catch it on the monitors and the neurologist can determine the best method of treatment. Nicholas actually loved the strobe lights. He was very upset when he started the test but every time they turned on the strobe lights, he stopped crying and just stared at the lights.

We had to wait for the neurologist to read the results. Once he read the results he came and met with us. He ended up meeting with Mike because I wasn't there, but we found out that there had been no seizure activity whatsoever on the EEG! Fantastic news! Mike asked why the pupils were different sizes and the neurologist said that's actually a variation of normal and that sometimes you can see it more prevalantly from a certain angle or in a different light. We asked why the pupil had been sluggish and the neurologist said that he couldn't answer with 100% certainty but that he wasn't concerned because since being admitted, his pupils had been equally reactive, so they were unable to duplicate what the ED saw. The theory he came up with was that he believed Nicholas's shunt may have turned on and that's why the size difference was more noticeable and likely also caused the sluggishness.

We also asked about looking for seizure activity in the future. The neurologist stated that in the vast majority of hydrocephalus cases that he has observed, if the patient was going to be prone to seizures, it would happen almost immediately after the shunt placement. Since Nicholas has had the shunt for almost 5 months and since they did everything they could to try and force a seizure and he hadn't had one, he felt like we were in the clear for seizure activity in the future. Good news for once!

With both the NSG and the neurologist deciding that Nicholas had no issues that required intense follow up care, Nicholas was discharged. We were told by his nurses that they loved him but they really didn't want to see us again and we echoed the sentiment.

One Step Forward Two Steps Back

Well, as soon as I hit "Publish" on that last post, things changed. Of course. Because if we've learned anything from these almost 4 months of Nicholas's life, expect the unexpected.

After the shunt was turned down on Wednesday, Nicholas was immediately fussy. He wasn't tolerating his feeds very well. He just wasn't acting like himself. We put a call in to his nurse and she said this was typical behavior for someone who just had the pressure in his head changed. It's a big change and it makes them feel yucky for awhile. Basically, he could be agitated and he probably wasn't tolerating the feeds as well because his belly was full of the cerebral spinal fluid the shunt was rapidly draining from his brain. If it continued past the weekend, let them know.

We had previously noticed a slightly hard spot on Nicholas's belly right between the two incision spots (one from the shunt placement and the other from the g-tube placement and nissen). We had mentioned it to his pediatrician the previous Friday, and they agreed it was slightly abnormal but that they weren't concerned and we would keep an eye on it.

Friday, Nicholas had his speech and occupational therapies. We had noticed the spot on his belly had grown and was now protruding. Mike felt Nicholas's belly after therapy and discovered it was rock hard. Nicholas had been inconsolable all night Thursday night and most of Friday morning. Since the neurosurgeon was in the same office building as the therapy, Mike decided to head up to the fifth floor and see if they could take a brief look at him. Both Nicholas's neurosurgeon and his partner were in surgery, but the medical assistant came out and looked at Nicholas. She became very concerned about his belly and asked Mike to take Nicholas across the street to the emergency department immediately.

Mike got into the ER very quickly (our hospital has a separate children's ER) and I left work to come over as well. A CT scan, shunt series, and abdominal ultrasound was ordered. As soon as I got to the room, Mike and Nicholas left for radiology. I stayed in the room with Zach and Emily. The CT and shunt series came back normal and showed the shunt is continuing to work very well. The abdominal ultrasound showed what appeared to be a cyst in his belly and the decision was made to admit him to the hospital to see if the cyst could be drained. They also ordered a CT scan of his belly to get a better picture of what was going on.

Mike ended up staying Friday night with Nicholas while Emily, Zach, and I went home. Not much happened overnight except that he did not tolerate his feed at all. Mike only got 60 ml (half of his normal feed) in while he screamed. After midnight, he was not allowed to eat anything in preparation for the cyst to be drained in the morning.

This morning, we received a visit from the PA in the neurosurgeon's office. She felt confident that the shunt was not the root cause of the issue and wanted to consult in general surgery to see if they felt the catheter of the shunt that lays in Nicholas's belly needed repositioning or if they felt the problem was something else. After awhile, the surgery resident came in and told us that after further review of the belly CT, they felt it was a pocket of CSF that had gotten stuck and appeared to be subcutaneous and therefore shouldn't be causing pain or the intolerance of feeds. He stated that his gut indicated that it was something else and he wanted to get the surgeon to review the tests and they would be back, hopefully with a plan. We were prepared that he may be scheduled for an exploratory laparascopy.

The surgeon came in and examined Nicholas. He agreed that the spot on his belly was likely not the cause of the pain and feed intolerance and ordered an upper GI scan to make sure that there wasn't a blockage somewhere in his digestive system. Nicholas was whisked away to radiology again. He was given barium with contrast through his g-tube and pictures were taken. Then they waited a half hour to complete some more pictures - they were trying to see how well the contrast moved through his digestive system. The answer came back that he has no obstructions in his digestive system. But...we still don't know what is causing the issue.

When he came back, his nurse came in to complete vitals and asked us if we had ever noticed his pupils were different sizes. We had not, and were pretty sure if they were, some medical professional would have noticed by now, as many as he had seen. The floor attending was called in to look and confirmed that one pupil was significantly larger than the other. The neurosurgeon's office was paged again and he was placed on full monitors. They weren't overly concerned, because he had no other symptoms that indicated potential neurological problems, but they wanted to watch him on full monitors just in case.

We asked about getting him fed, because at this point it had been 18 hours since he last ate. The nurse asked the floor attending who said we had to talk to the neurosurgeon who said that we had to talk to the general surgeon. The general surgeon approved him for feeds but suggested that we slow his feeds down from 4 ounces every four hours to a very slow continuous feed over 24 hours. We said okay, sounds good to us and the nurse laughed. She said that order has to come from his pediatrician so we have to page them. Finally, he was started on a continuous feed of 30 ml/hour for 24 hours.

That's where we stand right now. We don't know what's wrong with him, though there have been plenty of ideas tossed around, from a kink in the shunt catheter to the idea that perhaps the shunt catheter has grown into the scar tissue from the surgeries he's had. The honest answer is that he will likely require surgery again for them to get in there and figure out what's wrong. And that sucks. That sucks so bad for our little guy. It sucks that he's had to endure so much in the short 4 months he's been here. The good news is he's little enough that though the memories of this will be forever burned into our minds, he won't ever remember this. Hopefully we'll have figured out the big issues by the time he is old enough to remember and hospital stays and surgeries and radiology will be something he knows very little about.

I'll update when we know more.